Minoxidil (Rogaine)
FDA-approved topical treatment for hair loss with strong evidence of effectiveness
Written by
Dr. Jane Smith, MD
Board Certified Dermatologist
Last updated: January 15, 2026
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Overview
Minoxidil (brand name Rogaine) is an FDA-approved topical treatment for hair loss that has been used for decades. Originally developed as a blood pressure medication, it was discovered to promote hair growth as a side effect. Today, it's one of the most well-studied and widely used treatments for androgenetic alopecia (pattern hair loss).
Available over-the-counter in 2% and 5% concentrations, both as liquid and foam formulations. The 5% solution is generally more effective but may have more side effects.
How It Works
Mechanism of Action
While the exact mechanism isn't fully understood, minoxidil appears to work by:
- Widening blood vessels to improve nutrient delivery to hair follicles
- Prolonging the growth (anagen) phase of the hair cycle
- Stimulating follicles to move from resting to growth phase
- Increasing follicle size, producing thicker hair
Evidence Summary
Minoxidil has Grade A (Strong Evidence) for treating androgenetic alopecia, backed by:
- Multiple large, well-designed randomized controlled trials
- FDA approval based on rigorous clinical studies
- Decades of real-world safety and efficacy data
- Evidence applies to both men and women (though concentration recommendations differ)
Effectiveness
What to Expect
- Response Rate: 40-60% of users see noticeable regrowth
- Timeline: Visible results typically appear after 4-6 months of consistent use
- Best Results: Maintains existing hair and stimulates regrowth in areas with recent thinning
- Limitations: Less effective for completely bald areas or long-term hair loss (10+ years)
Important: Hair growth requires ongoing use. Stopping minoxidil typically results in losing the regrown hair within 3-4 months.
Usage & Dosage
Standard Recommendations
- Men: 5% solution, applied twice daily (1 mL each time)
- Women: 2% solution twice daily OR 5% foam once daily
- Application: Apply to dry scalp in affected areas
- Timing: Allow 4 hours before washing hair
Tips for Best Results
- Apply to scalp, not hair
- Massage gently to distribute evenly
- Wash hands thoroughly after application
- Be consistent — skipping applications reduces effectiveness
- Initial shedding (2-8 weeks) is normal and temporary
Side Effects & Safety
- Scalp irritation, itching, or redness (most common)
- Unwanted facial/body hair growth (especially in women)
- Initial temporary hair shedding (first 2-8 weeks)
- Rare: dizziness, rapid heartbeat (stop use and consult doctor)
Most side effects are mild and resolve with continued use or by switching to foam formulation.
Who Should Avoid Minoxidil
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women
- People with heart conditions (consult doctor first)
- Those with scalp infections or open wounds
- Anyone allergic to minoxidil or propylene glycol
Who It's For
Best Candidates
- ✓ Pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia)
- ✓ Recent hair thinning (within 5 years)
- ✓ Age 18-65
- ✓ Willing to commit to daily use
- ✓ Looking for non-prescription option
Less Ideal For
- • Completely bald areas
- • Hair loss from medical conditions
- • Sudden or patchy hair loss
- • Those unable to apply twice daily
- • Pregnant/breastfeeding women
Cost Considerations
Minoxidil is relatively affordable compared to other hair loss treatments:
- Brand name (Rogaine): $40-60/month
- Generic minoxidil: $10-30/month
- Subscription services: $20-40/month
Generic versions are equally effective. No prescription needed. Not typically covered by insurance.
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